Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the time elapsed from first symptoms to the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer (OOC) and to identify variables associated with treatment delay. This is an observational study with retrospective and prospective data collection. Patients with a diagnosis of OOC seen at the Head and Neck Surgery outpatient clinic of a Brazilian public hospital were included and followed up to treatment initiation. Participants answered a questionnaire for the collection of socioeconomic, demographic, cultural, and clinical information, as well as information about the time elapsed from first symptoms to the first appointment with a head and neck surgeon. Time to treatment was classified into four intervals: 1- first symptoms to first medical appointment; 2- first medical appointment to specialized medical care; 3- specialized medical care to preparation for treatment; and 4- preparation for treatment to treatment initiation. Bivariate statistics were computed. Out of 100 participants, nine died before treatment. Mean time to treatment was 217 days. Highest mean time was observed for interval 2 (94 days), followed by interval 1 (63 days), interval 4 (39 days), and interval 3 (21 days). At interval 1, a longer time was associated with severe alcohol consumption, severe smoking, and family history of cancer. At interval 2, the delay was associated with appointment with a general practitioner, clinical diagnosis of disease other than cancer, and antibiotic prescription. At interval 4, delay in treatment was associated with surgical treatment. Patients with OOC experience delays from symptom onset to treatment initiation. The longest interval was associated with professional delay, followed by patient delay in help-seeking.

Resumo Processos de votação manual apresentam dois principais problemas: a confiabilidade do resultado e a demora na contagem dos votos. Para fraudar a eleição, isto é, alterar a quantidade de votos dos candidatos, um atacante pode substituir cédulas com votos para outros candidatos por cédulas com votos para o candidato a ser beneficiado. Nesse cenário, a segurança do processo eleitoral depende fortemente do controle de acesso físico empregado às urnas. Por outro lado, sistemas de votação eletrônico (e-voting) são conhecidos pela agilidade na contagem dos votos, bem como têm potencial para aumentar a segurança do processo eleitoral. Entretanto, ambas as soluções apresentam desafios em relação à transparência, segurança e sigilo do voto. Este trabalho apresenta os requisitos conceituais e tecnológicos para uma eleição eletrônica segura, propõe uma solução distribuída para votação eletrônica, apresenta suas limitações e algumas possibilidade de trabalho futuro. Por fim, são requeridos mais estudos para a implementação da solução, principalmente em relação ao sigilo do voto e incoercibilidade. problemas é beneficiado cenário urnas lado evoting voting (e-voting Entretanto transparência segura futuro fim incoercibilidade

Abstract Manual voting processes have two main problems, the reliability of the result and the delay in counting the votes. To defraud the election, that is, change the amount of votes of the candidates, an attacker can replace ballots with votes for other candidates with ballots with votes for the candidate to be benefited. In this scenario, the security of the electoral process strongly depends on the control of physical access to the ballot boxes. On the other hand, electronic voting systems (e-voting) are known for their agility in counting the votes, as well as having the potential to increase the security of the electoral process. However, both solutions present challenges in relation to the transparency, security and secrecy of the vote. This work presents conceptual and technological requirements for a secure electronic election, proposes a distributed solution for electronic voting, and presents its limitations and some possibilities for future work. Finally, more studies are required to implement the solution, mainly in relation to the secrecy of the vote and incoercibility. problems election is benefited scenario boxes hand evoting e (e-voting However transparency Finally incoercibility

Abstract About 92,000 new cases of oropharynx carcinoma are expected to occur annually worldwide. There is no consensus about the best therapy for these advanced tumors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate overall and disease-free survival rates of patients with advanced oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma, comparing surgery + radiotherapy with chemotherapy + radiotherapy. Medical records of patients were reviewed. Previously treated tumors were excluded. Clinical, demographic and microscopic information was collected, and p16 staining was performed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted. Forty-seven cases were included, 41 men and 6 women, having a mean age of 56.3 years. Most patients were smokers (85.1%) and consumed alcohol (74.5%). Patients were stage III (21.3%) or IV (78.7%). Most lesions affected the base of the tongue (36.2%). Of the 23 cases available for p16 testing, 3 were positive (13.0%). There was no difference between the overall and the disease-free survival rates for the two treatment modalities (p>0.05), even when only resectable tumors were compared. Seventeen cases experienced recurrence (36.2%); 16 (34.0%) patients remained alive without disease; 15 (31.9%) died due to disease; 9 (19.2%) were recurrent at the last follow-up. The two treatment protocols were equally efficient in treating advanced oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma, since both promoted similar overall and disease-free survival rates. The results and interpretations related herein mostly regard “conventional” oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, as opposed to HPV-associated tumors.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hemophilia is a coagulopathy caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). It is a chronic disease and, hence, impairs the quality of life (Qol) of the patients. This study aimed to evaluate the Qol of patients with hemophilia using the WHOQOL-bref and the Haemo-A-Qol instruments, its relation to the clinical condition and its sociodemographic variables. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, epidemiological study, comprising 17 patients with hemophilia, registered at the hemocenter, who met the eligibility criteria. Data were collected using three questionnaires: a semi-structured clinical evaluation form, the WHOQOL-bref and the Haem-A-Qol. Results: The average age was 30 years old, and most participants declared themselves to be single (58.82%), without children (64.70%) and employed (58.82%). Hemophilia A was observed in 14 patients and the most severe form of the disease was more prevalent (64.70%). The average score of Qol, estimated by the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire was 74.3; being "social relations" the domain with the highest average. The Haem-A-Qol measured an average of 36.2 and the domain with the highest result was "Family Planning". Conclusion: Hemophilia had a higher negative impact upon the physical, sports and leisure features in the sample subjects. The analysis of the questionnaires did not reveal statistical agreement between them. Based on this, the Haem-A-Qol is considered the most recommended to evaluate the Qol, as it addresses factors more specifically related to the disease. No statistical significance was observed between the scores of Qol, as for the presence of comorbidities, gravity of the hemophilia and positive serology for infections.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de fístula faringocutânea após laringectomia total e tentar identificar os fatores preditores. MÉTODOS: No período de maio de 2005 a abril de 2010, 93 pacientes foram submetidos à laringectomia total. Foram avaliadas as complicações per e pós-operatórias e comparadas com as seguintes variáveis: sexo, estado nutricional, traqueostomia prévia, localização do tumor primário, tipo de operação realizada, estadiamento de acordo com o TNM, tratamento prévio com quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia, utilização de retalhos para reconstrução e margem cirúrgica. Todos os pacientes apresentavam a neoplasia em estádio avançado segundo o TNM. RESULTADOS: 14 (15,1%) pacientes evoluíram com fístula salivar no pós-operatório. O tempo médio de aparecimento da fístula salivar foi 3,5 dias, com desvio padrão de 13,7 dias. Comparando a fístula salivar com as variáveis TNM, tipo de operação e esvaziamento cervical, traqueostomia prévia, utilização de retalho miocutâneo, rádio e quimioterapia pré-operatória e margem cirúrgica, não foi observado diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de fístula salivar foi 15,1% e não foi encontrado fator preditor para sua formação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy and try to identify its predictors. METHODS: From May 2005 to April 2010, 93 patients underwent total laryngectomy. We evaluated complications during and after surgery and compared them with the following variables: gender, nutritional status, previous tracheotomy, tumor location, type of surgery, TNM staging, prior treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, use of flaps for reconstruction and surgical margin. All patients presented with advanced neoplastic disease according to TNM. RESULTS: 14 (15.1%) patients developed postoperative salivary fistula. The mean time to onset of salivary fistula was 3.5 days, with a standard deviation of 13.7 days. Comparing salivary fistula with TNM variables, type of operation and neck dissection, prior tracheotomy, use of flap, preoperative radio and chemotherapy and surgical margin, there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0,05). CONCLUSION: The incidence of salivary fistula was 15.1% and no predictive factor for its formation was found.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência e os fatores preditores da hipocalcemia e hipoparatireodismo definitivo pós-tireoidectomia. MÉTODOS: Foi dosado cálcio iônico no pré e no pós-operatório (primeiro, segundo e 30ºdia) em 333 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia. Naqueles que apresentaram hipocalcemia, as dosagens foram feitas também aos 90 e 180 dias de pós-operatório, quando se dosou também o paratormônio. Os pacientes foram agrupados segundo a presença ou ausência de hipocalcemia e avaliados segundo idade, sexo, função tireoidiana, volume tireoidiano, número de paratireoides identificadas e necessidade de reimplante de paratireoides, tipo de operação, tempo operatório e diagnóstico histopatológico. RESULTADOS: A incidência de hipocalcemia temporária foi de 40,8% (136 pacientes), e hipoparatireoidismo definitivo de 4,2% (14 pacientes). Tireoidectomia total ou reoperação, esvaziamento cervical, hipertireoidismo, tempo operatório e idade acima de 50 anos foram fatores determinantes de incidência significativamente maior de hipocalcemia e hipoparatireodismo definitivo (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: os fatores preditores da hipocalcemia pós-operatória incluem idade (>50 anos), tireoidectomia total, reoperação, esvaziamento cervical e tempo operatório. Os fatores preditores do hipoparatireoidismo definitivo pós-tireoidectomia incluíram tipo de operação, diagnóstico histológico e hipertireoidismo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and predictors of post-thyroidectomy definitive hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. METHODS: We assessed ionic calcium preoperatively and postoperatively (first, second and 30th day) in 333 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. In those presenting hypocalcemia, measurements were also made 90 and 180 days after surgery, when parathormone was also dosed. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of hypocalcemia and evaluated according to age, gender, thyroid function, thyroid volume, number of parathyroid glands identified and need to parathyroid reimplantation, type of operation, operative time, and histopathological diagnosis. RESULTS: The incidence of temporary hypocalcemia was 40.8% (136 patients), and of definitive hypoparathyroidism 4.2% (14 patients). Reoperation or total thyroidectomy, neck dissection, hyperthyroidism, operative time and age above 50 years were factors related to higher incidence of hypocalcemia and definitive hypoparathyroidism (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia included age (> 50 years), total thyroidectomy, reoperation, neck dissection and operative time. The predictors of post-thyroidectomy definitive hypoparathyroidism included type of operation, histological diagnosis and hyperthyroidism.

Laringectomias de resgate estão associadas a altas taxas de complicações pós-operatórias. O uso de retalhos na reconstrução do trânsito faríngeo poderia reduzir a incidência destas complicações. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilidade do retalho miocutâneo de músculo peitoral maior na prevenção da fístula salivar no pós-operatório de laringectomia total de resgate. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado de abril/2006 a maio/2011, com 31 pacientes portadores de CCE de laringe recidivado, tratados previamente com quimiorradioterapia ou radioterapia isolada, submetidos à laringectomia de resgate. Destes 31 pacientes, a reconstrução da faringe foi realizada com utilização do retalho miocutâneo de músculo peitoral maior em 19 (61%) casos, enquanto o fechamento primário ocorreu em 12 pacientes (39%). RESULTADOS: Foi observada taxa de fistula salivar em (16%) dos pacientes em que se utilizou o retalho e 58% nos pacientes submetidos a fechamento primário da faringe (p < 0,02). Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em relação ao tempo médio de aparecimento de fistula e reintrodução da dieta por via oral, bem como tempo de uso de cateter nasoentérico para alimentação. CONCLUSÃO: O retalho miocutâneo do músculo peitoral maior mostrou-se como opção capaz de reduzir incidência de fistula salivar em laringectomias de resgate.

Salvage laryngectomy in patients treated with organ preservation protocols is associated with high rates of postoperative complications. The use of non-irradiated tissue flaps in pharyngeal reconstruction could reduce the incidence of these complications. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in preventing salivary fistulae during the postoperative period of salvage total laryngectomy (TL). MATERIALS AND METHOD: This retrospective study enrolled 31 patients operated between April of 2006 and May of 2011. All patients had advanced cancer at the time of the salvage procedure and had been treated with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. Pharyngeal reconstruction was performed using pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in 19 cases (61%); primary wound closure occurred in 12 patients (39%). RESULTS: Salivary fistulae occurred in 16% of the patients who received the flap and in 58% of the patients with primary closure of the pharynx (p < 0.02). No statistically significant differences were noted between the groups with respect to the mean time for fistula formation, reintroduction of an oral diet, or use of a nasoenteric tube for feeding. CONCLUSION: The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was found to reduce the incidence of salivary fistulae in salvage laryngectomy procedures.

CONTEXTO: A doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto (DKF) se manifesta na maioria das vezes como linfadenomegalia cervical unilateral, que pode ser acompanhada de febre. Afeta principalmente mulheres jovens, com evolução autolimitada. A prevalência desta doença é mais comum no oriente, havendo poucos relatos de sua ocorrência em nosso meio. DKF deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de casos suspeitos de infecções por vírus, tuberculose, linfadenite reacional, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e doença metastática. Histologicamente pode ser confundida com linfoma. A doença é de caráter benigno, auto-limitada, a biópsia excisional do linfonodo acometido é necessária para o diagnóstico e não há tratamento específico. RELATO DE CASOS: Este trabalho relata três casos de pacientes não asiáticas do sexo feminino com DKF, atendidas em nosso serviço entre 2003 e 2006, e faz revisão da literatura com uma busca sistematizada sobre o assunto, com o objetivo de informar os médicos sobre essa entidade que se manifesta com massa cervical e febre.

CONTEXT: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) manifests in most cases as unilateral cervical lymphadenomegaly, with or without accompanying fever. The disease mainly affects young women and has a self-limited course. It is more common in oriental countries, with few reports of its occurrence in Brazil. KFD should be included in the differential diagnosis of suspected cases of viral infections, tuberculosis, reactive lymphadenitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and metastatic diseases. It can be histologically confused with lymphoma. The disease is benign and self-limiting and an excisional biopsy of an affected lymph node is necessary for diagnosis. There is no specific therapy. CASE REPORTS: This study reports on three cases of non-Asian female patients with KFD who were attended at our service between 2003 and 2006. A review of the literature was carried out, with a systematic search on this topic, with the aim of informing physicians about this entity that is manifested by cervical masses and fever.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A concentração do íon magnésio está diretamente e a do íon fósforo inversamente relacionada à calcemia. O objetivo foi avaliar a evolução das concentrações dos íons magnésio e fósforo nos pacientes submetidos a tireoidectomia, e relacioná-los com as alterações da concentração do cálcio. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo realizado no Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu 333 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 45 ± 15 anos, submetidos a tireoidectomia no período de 2000 a 2005. Cálcio total, fósforo e magnésio foram dosados no pré-operatório e com 24 e 48 horas de pós-operatório. As alterações dos íons foram avaliadas de acordo com a presença ou ausência de hipocalcemia pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Houve queda estatisticamente significativa dos níveis sanguíneos de fósforo 24 horas e 48 horas após a tireoidectomia em relação ao pré-operatório nos pacientes que não tiveram hipocalcemia. Quanto aos pacientes que evoluíram com hipocalcemia, houve queda significativa do fósforo plasmático no primeiro dia de pós-operatório e elevação, também estatisticamente significativa, no segundo dia em relação ao fósforo pré-operatório. Foi também observada queda significativa do magnésio pós-operatório em relação ao pré-operatório no primeiro e no segundo dia após a tireoidectomia nos pacientes com hipocalcemia. Naqueles sem hipocalcemia, a queda do magnésio foi significativa no primeiro dia, mas não houve diferença no segundo dia. CONCLUSÃO: Embora alterados no pós-operatório, as concentrações dos íons magnésio e fósforo não apresentaram papel na calcemia pós-tireoidectomia.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Magnesium ion concentration is directly related and phosphorus ion concentration is inversely related to calcemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of magnesium and phosphorus ion levels in patients undergoing thyroidectomy and correlate these with changes to calcium concentration. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study at the Alpha Institute of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. METHODS: The study included 333 patients, of both genders and mean age 45 ± 15 years, who underwent thyroidectomy between 2000 and 2005. Total calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were measured in the blood preoperatively and 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. Ionic changes were evaluated according to the presence or absence of postoperative hypocalcemia. RESULTS: There were statistically significant drops in blood phosphorus levels 24 and 48 hours after thyroidectomy, compared with preoperative values, in the patients without hypocalcemia. In the patients who developed hypocalcemia, there was a significant drop in plasma phosphorus on the first postoperative day and an increase (also statistically significant) on the second day, in relation to preoperative phosphorus levels. A significant drop in postoperative magnesium was also observed on the first and second days after thyroidectomy in the patients with hypocalcemia, in relation to preoperative levels. In the patients without hypocalcemia, the drop in magnesium was significant on the first day, but there was no difference on the second day. CONCLUSION: Despite the postoperative changes, neither magnesium nor phosphorus ion levels had any role in post-thyroidectomy calcemia.

CONTEXTO: O procedimento cirúrgico mínimo geralmente aceitável para a abordagem de tumores de parótida é a parotidectomia parcial com retirada do lobo superficial da glândula. Há uma impossibilidade de se ter o diagnóstico prévio histológico da lesão antes do procedimento cirúrgico, pois biópsias incisionais são contra-indicadas pela possibilidade de secção inadvertida de ramos do nervo facial e ressecção incompleta da lesão. Assim, a biópsia é comumente intracirúrgica. OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados do exame anatomopatológico intra-operatório por congelação com os resultados do diagnóstico definitivo através do exame de parafina. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo exato pela análise retrospectiva. LOCAL: Serviço de cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Complexo Hospitalar Heliópolis, São Paulo, Brasil. TESTE DIAGNÓSTICO: Exame anátomopatológico intra-operatório por congelação e exame por parafina. VARIÁVEIS ESTUDADAS: Sensibilidade e especificidade do exame por congelação. RESULTADOS: Ao exame por congelação, em 19 casos (12,4%) o diagnóstico foi de neoplasia maligna e em 128 (83,7%) o diagnóstico foi de tumor benigno. A sensibilidade para malignidade foi de 61,5% e a especificidade foi de 98%. Esses resultados são equivalentes aos referidos na literatura. Os resultados falso-positivos ou negativos não interferiram na conduta adotada pois, para a decisão do tratamento, foi considerado o conjunto de dados clínicos, achado cirúrgico e anátomo patológico. CONCLUSÕES: O exame por congelação para os tumores da glândula salivar, empregado isoladamente não é suficiente para decidir a melhor conduta, e sua interpretação deve ser feita correlacionando os achados clínicos e intra-operatórios, associados à experiência do cirurgião.

CONTEXT: The minimal recommended surgical approach to parotid tumors is partial parotidectomy with resection of the superficial lobe of the gland. Histologic diagnosis prior to surgery is not possible, as incisional biopsies are contraindicated due to the possibility of facial nerve injury or incomplete tumor resection. Thus, the biopsies tend to be perioperative. OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of frozen section examination with the definitive pathological diagnosis. DESIGN: Accuracy study by retrospective analysis. SETTING: Head and Neck Surgery Service of Heliópolis Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. SAMPLE: 153 cases of parotid gland tumors treated between 1977 and 1994. DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Frozen section and pathological diagnosis. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sensibility and specificity of the frozen section examination. RESULTS: Frozen section study diagnosed 19 (12.4%) malignant and 127 (83.7%) benign tumors. Sensitivity of the frozen sections for malignancy was 61.5% (95% CI 54 to 69%) and specificity was 98% (95% CI 94 to 100%), and this result is comparable to the literature. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that frozen section examination for salivary gland tumors is not sufficient on its own for deciding on the best management. Their interpretation must be correlated with clinical and intraoperative findings, in association with the surgeon's experience.

O encontro de fatores preditivos de metástase cervical seria de grande valia para o tratamento de pacientes com tumores de alto potencial metastatizante e com pescoço clinicamente negativo. Procuramos encontrar fatores clínicos e histológicos em tumores iniciais de língua e soalho de boca que pudessem indicar a realização de um esvaziamento cervical eletivo.Foram estudados os seguintes fatores: sexo, idade, tabagismo, etilismo, raça, tamanho da lesão, sítio primário, dor, tempo de queixa, primeira queixa, aspecto macroscópico da lesão, infiltrado inflamatório peritumoral, grau de diferenciação da biópsia, desmoplasia, invasão vascular, invasão perineural e número de mitoses por 10 campos de maior aumento. Nenhum dos fatores estudados foi capaz de predizer a ocorrência de metástase cervical no período pré-operatório. Acreditamos que outros fatores devam ser estudados e explorados para que se consiga indicar o esvaziamento cervical eletivo de modo criterioso para o tratamento destas lesões.

The authors present a retrospective study of 54 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the fongue and floor of the mouth in stage II. The determination of clinical and hystological predictive factors of neck metastasis were the main proposal in T2 NO cases submitted to surgical approach at the Head and Neck Service of Heliópolis Hospital, Hosphel, from 1977 till 1993. The clinical aspects (location, size, alcohol, tabacco, sex, race, age, complain) and histological (macroscopy, injlammatory infiltration, differenciation degree, desmoplasia, mitoses number, vascular and perineural invasion) factors were analysed, using the K square statistical method with 2 x 2 tables and p less than 0.05. Concerning the outcomes for neck nodes metastases, 35.2% were positive coincident, 24.2% false negatives and 52.3% false positives. As conclusion, the main question of this paper were not obtained, due to the impossibility to determine the relation of predictive factors and natural history of the neoplasias of tongue and floor of the mouth.